Maximilian Genealogy Master Database 2000

Notes

Henry IV the Great of France DE BOURBON King of France

1 NAME Henry of Navarre/Henri/
1 UPDA
2 DATE 1589
2 PLAC Acceded:

King of Navarre 1572. Duke de Vendôme.

HENRY IV (1553-1610) was the first king of France of the Bourbon dynasty. He succeeded the last Valois king, Henry III, in 1589. Before becoming France's king, Henry IV was known as Henry of Navarre. He had been king of Navarre and a leader of the Huguenot (French Protestant) forces in a series of civil wars between the Huguenots and French Roman Catholics. The son of a Huguenot mother and a Catholic father, Henry switched religions for political reasons six times during his life. As king of France, he initially faced opposition from the country's Roman Catholic majority. But after his readmittance to the Catholic Church in 1593, he gradually won his subjects' allegiance. He went on to become one of France's most admired kings.

During the civil wars, Spain interfered in French affairs. It also plotted with Henry's French rivals to overthrow him. Supported by the English and Dutch, Henry was able to make peace with King Philip II of Spain in 1598.

Also in 1598, Henry issued the Edict of Nantes, the first long-lasting edict of religious toleration in modern Europe. The edict granted the Huguenots many privileges and marked the end of France's civil wars.

Henry was born in Pau, France, to Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne d'Albret, queen of Navarre. In 1572, he married Marguerite de Valois, sister of Henry III. The couple had no children and divorced in 1599. In 1600, Henry married Marie de Medicis of the famous Medici family of Florence, Italy. One of the couple's sons succeeded Henry as King Louis XIII. Henry was assassinated by a religious fanatic.

Marie DE MEDICI

1 NAME Marie /de Medicis/
1 UPDA
2 PLAC Queen Regent of France

Charles 11 STUART King of England

1 NAME Old /Rowley/
1 UPDA
2 PLAC He had several mistresses
2 SOUR S15
3 PAGE 250
2 QUAY 3

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England
Breton mistress: Louise Rene de Penancoet deKeroualle, d 1734.
Sister of Louise - mistress: Henriette Mauricette, Countess of Pembroke,d 1728
3 Sep 1651 = Charles II flees to France
29 May 1660 = Charles II restored to the throne after the Revolution.
Died of uraemia & mercury poisoning. Whitehall Palace.

CHARLES II (1630-1685) became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1660.
He had lived in exile after the execution of his father, King Charles I, in 1649.
That year, the Scots proclaimed Charles king of Scotland.
But the Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell defeated his army in 1651, and Charles
fled to France. After Cromwell died in 1658, the English people became
increasingly dissatisfied with the government that Cromwell had established.
In 1660, Parliament invited Charles to return and declared him king.

Update: from Queen's Official Web Site 8/10/97.

Charles II

Although those who had signed Charles I's death
warrant (the regicides) were punished, Charles
(reigned 1660-85) pursued a policy of political
tolerance and power-sharing. Religious toleration
was more difficult to achieve. The Act of
Uniformity of 1662 restored the Anglican Church
and imposed the use of the Book of Common
Prayer, and oaths of allegiance on clergy. Those
who would not conform were excluded from
clerical and other positions (e.g. universities).
James, Charles's brother and heir, was a Roman
Catholic and there were attempts to exclude him
from the throne. Anti-Catholicism was widespread
and the Test Act excluded Roman Catholics from
both Houses of Parliament.

Charles sponsored the founding of the Royal
Society in 1660 (still in existence today), to
promote scientific research. Charles also
encouraged the building of the Greenwich
Observatory, and he was a patron of Sir
Christopher Wren in the design and building of St
Paul's Cathedral, Chelsea Hospital and other
London buildings. Charles died in 1685, becoming
a Roman Catholic on his deathbed.

The important events of his reign included two wars with the Dutch,
the Great Plague, the Great Fire of London, and an assassination attempt called
the Rye House Plot. Charles was a member of the House of Stuart.

Additional Information:

Charles was born the second son of Henrietta Marie and Charles I in 1630. In 1649, Charles fled to France, but he returned to Scotland in 1650 where he was crowned king. He led ten thousand Scottish soldiers to defeat and fled to France again. He assumed the throne in 1660. His marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no legitimate children.

In order to retain the throne, Charles was forced to accept the position of a limited monarch. He was very tolerant of religious affairs and his father's murderers, only nine of whom were executed. Political parties arose: the Tories, loyal to the king, and the Whigs, loyal to the Parliament.

Charles was defeated by the Dutch. The Great Plague swept through England in 1665 and the Fire of London burned much of the city in 1667. Charles secured an alliance with France against the Dutch. The Whigs attempted to use the rising wave of anti-Catholicism to keep the Catholic James II from ascending the throne. Titus Oates had ten men falsely accused and executed; Anthony Cooper has been accused of starting a wave of violence against Catholics. A sickness caused public opinion to halt passage of the Exclusion Bill which would have prevented all Catholics from holding office. Charles died in 1685.

Charles promised to reinstate Catholicism at an appropriate time in order to achieve his alliance with France. Charles never reinstated Catholicism, but converted on his deathbed.

Catarina Henriqueta DE BRAGANÇA

Burke says she died 6 Feb 1685. She had four failed pregnancies.

Charles 11 STUART King of England

1 NAME Old /Rowley/
1 UPDA
2 PLAC He had several mistresses
2 SOUR S15
3 PAGE 250
2 QUAY 3

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England
Breton mistress: Louise Rene de Penancoet deKeroualle, d 1734.
Sister of Louise - mistress: Henriette Mauricette, Countess of Pembroke,d 1728
3 Sep 1651 = Charles II flees to France
29 May 1660 = Charles II restored to the throne after the Revolution.
Died of uraemia & mercury poisoning. Whitehall Palace.

CHARLES II (1630-1685) became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1660.
He had lived in exile after the execution of his father, King Charles I, in 1649.
That year, the Scots proclaimed Charles king of Scotland.
But the Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell defeated his army in 1651, and Charles
fled to France. After Cromwell died in 1658, the English people became
increasingly dissatisfied with the government that Cromwell had established.
In 1660, Parliament invited Charles to return and declared him king.

Update: from Queen's Official Web Site 8/10/97.

Charles II

Although those who had signed Charles I's death
warrant (the regicides) were punished, Charles
(reigned 1660-85) pursued a policy of political
tolerance and power-sharing. Religious toleration
was more difficult to achieve. The Act of
Uniformity of 1662 restored the Anglican Church
and imposed the use of the Book of Common
Prayer, and oaths of allegiance on clergy. Those
who would not conform were excluded from
clerical and other positions (e.g. universities).
James, Charles's brother and heir, was a Roman
Catholic and there were attempts to exclude him
from the throne. Anti-Catholicism was widespread
and the Test Act excluded Roman Catholics from
both Houses of Parliament.

Charles sponsored the founding of the Royal
Society in 1660 (still in existence today), to
promote scientific research. Charles also
encouraged the building of the Greenwich
Observatory, and he was a patron of Sir
Christopher Wren in the design and building of St
Paul's Cathedral, Chelsea Hospital and other
London buildings. Charles died in 1685, becoming
a Roman Catholic on his deathbed.

The important events of his reign included two wars with the Dutch,
the Great Plague, the Great Fire of London, and an assassination attempt called
the Rye House Plot. Charles was a member of the House of Stuart.

Additional Information:

Charles was born the second son of Henrietta Marie and Charles I in 1630. In 1649, Charles fled to France, but he returned to Scotland in 1650 where he was crowned king. He led ten thousand Scottish soldiers to defeat and fled to France again. He assumed the throne in 1660. His marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no legitimate children.

In order to retain the throne, Charles was forced to accept the position of a limited monarch. He was very tolerant of religious affairs and his father's murderers, only nine of whom were executed. Political parties arose: the Tories, loyal to the king, and the Whigs, loyal to the Parliament.

Charles was defeated by the Dutch. The Great Plague swept through England in 1665 and the Fire of London burned much of the city in 1667. Charles secured an alliance with France against the Dutch. The Whigs attempted to use the rising wave of anti-Catholicism to keep the Catholic James II from ascending the throne. Titus Oates had ten men falsely accused and executed; Anthony Cooper has been accused of starting a wave of violence against Catholics. A sickness caused public opinion to halt passage of the Exclusion Bill which would have prevented all Catholics from holding office. Charles died in 1685.

Charles promised to reinstate Catholicism at an appropriate time in order to achieve his alliance with France. Charles never reinstated Catholicism, but converted on his deathbed.

Lucy WALTER Mistress

1 UPDA
2 PLAC or Lucy Barlow.

Charless 11 first serious liaison whilst in Holland.

Charles 11 STUART King of England

1 NAME Old /Rowley/
1 UPDA
2 PLAC He had several mistresses
2 SOUR S15
3 PAGE 250
2 QUAY 3

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England
Breton mistress: Louise Rene de Penancoet deKeroualle, d 1734.
Sister of Louise - mistress: Henriette Mauricette, Countess of Pembroke,d 1728
3 Sep 1651 = Charles II flees to France
29 May 1660 = Charles II restored to the throne after the Revolution.
Died of uraemia & mercury poisoning. Whitehall Palace.

CHARLES II (1630-1685) became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1660.
He had lived in exile after the execution of his father, King Charles I, in 1649.
That year, the Scots proclaimed Charles king of Scotland.
But the Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell defeated his army in 1651, and Charles
fled to France. After Cromwell died in 1658, the English people became
increasingly dissatisfied with the government that Cromwell had established.
In 1660, Parliament invited Charles to return and declared him king.

Update: from Queen's Official Web Site 8/10/97.

Charles II

Although those who had signed Charles I's death
warrant (the regicides) were punished, Charles
(reigned 1660-85) pursued a policy of political
tolerance and power-sharing. Religious toleration
was more difficult to achieve. The Act of
Uniformity of 1662 restored the Anglican Church
and imposed the use of the Book of Common
Prayer, and oaths of allegiance on clergy. Those
who would not conform were excluded from
clerical and other positions (e.g. universities).
James, Charles's brother and heir, was a Roman
Catholic and there were attempts to exclude him
from the throne. Anti-Catholicism was widespread
and the Test Act excluded Roman Catholics from
both Houses of Parliament.

Charles sponsored the founding of the Royal
Society in 1660 (still in existence today), to
promote scientific research. Charles also
encouraged the building of the Greenwich
Observatory, and he was a patron of Sir
Christopher Wren in the design and building of St
Paul's Cathedral, Chelsea Hospital and other
London buildings. Charles died in 1685, becoming
a Roman Catholic on his deathbed.

The important events of his reign included two wars with the Dutch,
the Great Plague, the Great Fire of London, and an assassination attempt called
the Rye House Plot. Charles was a member of the House of Stuart.

Additional Information:

Charles was born the second son of Henrietta Marie and Charles I in 1630. In 1649, Charles fled to France, but he returned to Scotland in 1650 where he was crowned king. He led ten thousand Scottish soldiers to defeat and fled to France again. He assumed the throne in 1660. His marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no legitimate children.

In order to retain the throne, Charles was forced to accept the position of a limited monarch. He was very tolerant of religious affairs and his father's murderers, only nine of whom were executed. Political parties arose: the Tories, loyal to the king, and the Whigs, loyal to the Parliament.

Charles was defeated by the Dutch. The Great Plague swept through England in 1665 and the Fire of London burned much of the city in 1667. Charles secured an alliance with France against the Dutch. The Whigs attempted to use the rising wave of anti-Catholicism to keep the Catholic James II from ascending the throne. Titus Oates had ten men falsely accused and executed; Anthony Cooper has been accused of starting a wave of violence against Catholics. A sickness caused public opinion to halt passage of the Exclusion Bill which would have prevented all Catholics from holding office. Charles died in 1685.

Charles promised to reinstate Catholicism at an appropriate time in order to achieve his alliance with France. Charles never reinstated Catholicism, but converted on his deathbed.

Charles 11 STUART King of England

1 NAME Old /Rowley/
1 UPDA
2 PLAC He had several mistresses
2 SOUR S15
3 PAGE 250
2 QUAY 3

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England
Breton mistress: Louise Rene de Penancoet deKeroualle, d 1734.
Sister of Louise - mistress: Henriette Mauricette, Countess of Pembroke,d 1728
3 Sep 1651 = Charles II flees to France
29 May 1660 = Charles II restored to the throne after the Revolution.
Died of uraemia & mercury poisoning. Whitehall Palace.

CHARLES II (1630-1685) became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1660.
He had lived in exile after the execution of his father, King Charles I, in 1649.
That year, the Scots proclaimed Charles king of Scotland.
But the Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell defeated his army in 1651, and Charles
fled to France. After Cromwell died in 1658, the English people became
increasingly dissatisfied with the government that Cromwell had established.
In 1660, Parliament invited Charles to return and declared him king.

Update: from Queen's Official Web Site 8/10/97.

Charles II

Although those who had signed Charles I's death
warrant (the regicides) were punished, Charles
(reigned 1660-85) pursued a policy of political
tolerance and power-sharing. Religious toleration
was more difficult to achieve. The Act of
Uniformity of 1662 restored the Anglican Church
and imposed the use of the Book of Common
Prayer, and oaths of allegiance on clergy. Those
who would not conform were excluded from
clerical and other positions (e.g. universities).
James, Charles's brother and heir, was a Roman
Catholic and there were attempts to exclude him
from the throne. Anti-Catholicism was widespread
and the Test Act excluded Roman Catholics from
both Houses of Parliament.

Charles sponsored the founding of the Royal
Society in 1660 (still in existence today), to
promote scientific research. Charles also
encouraged the building of the Greenwich
Observatory, and he was a patron of Sir
Christopher Wren in the design and building of St
Paul's Cathedral, Chelsea Hospital and other
London buildings. Charles died in 1685, becoming
a Roman Catholic on his deathbed.

The important events of his reign included two wars with the Dutch,
the Great Plague, the Great Fire of London, and an assassination attempt called
the Rye House Plot. Charles was a member of the House of Stuart.

Additional Information:

Charles was born the second son of Henrietta Marie and Charles I in 1630. In 1649, Charles fled to France, but he returned to Scotland in 1650 where he was crowned king. He led ten thousand Scottish soldiers to defeat and fled to France again. He assumed the throne in 1660. His marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no legitimate children.

In order to retain the throne, Charles was forced to accept the position of a limited monarch. He was very tolerant of religious affairs and his father's murderers, only nine of whom were executed. Political parties arose: the Tories, loyal to the king, and the Whigs, loyal to the Parliament.

Charles was defeated by the Dutch. The Great Plague swept through England in 1665 and the Fire of London burned much of the city in 1667. Charles secured an alliance with France against the Dutch. The Whigs attempted to use the rising wave of anti-Catholicism to keep the Catholic James II from ascending the throne. Titus Oates had ten men falsely accused and executed; Anthony Cooper has been accused of starting a wave of violence against Catholics. A sickness caused public opinion to halt passage of the Exclusion Bill which would have prevented all Catholics from holding office. Charles died in 1685.

Charles promised to reinstate Catholicism at an appropriate time in order to achieve his alliance with France. Charles never reinstated Catholicism, but converted on his deathbed.

Charles 11 STUART King of England

1 NAME Old /Rowley/
1 UPDA
2 PLAC He had several mistresses
2 SOUR S15
3 PAGE 250
2 QUAY 3

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England
Breton mistress: Louise Rene de Penancoet deKeroualle, d 1734.
Sister of Louise - mistress: Henriette Mauricette, Countess of Pembroke,d 1728
3 Sep 1651 = Charles II flees to France
29 May 1660 = Charles II restored to the throne after the Revolution.
Died of uraemia & mercury poisoning. Whitehall Palace.

CHARLES II (1630-1685) became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1660.
He had lived in exile after the execution of his father, King Charles I, in 1649.
That year, the Scots proclaimed Charles king of Scotland.
But the Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell defeated his army in 1651, and Charles
fled to France. After Cromwell died in 1658, the English people became
increasingly dissatisfied with the government that Cromwell had established.
In 1660, Parliament invited Charles to return and declared him king.

Update: from Queen's Official Web Site 8/10/97.

Charles II

Although those who had signed Charles I's death
warrant (the regicides) were punished, Charles
(reigned 1660-85) pursued a policy of political
tolerance and power-sharing. Religious toleration
was more difficult to achieve. The Act of
Uniformity of 1662 restored the Anglican Church
and imposed the use of the Book of Common
Prayer, and oaths of allegiance on clergy. Those
who would not conform were excluded from
clerical and other positions (e.g. universities).
James, Charles's brother and heir, was a Roman
Catholic and there were attempts to exclude him
from the throne. Anti-Catholicism was widespread
and the Test Act excluded Roman Catholics from
both Houses of Parliament.

Charles sponsored the founding of the Royal
Society in 1660 (still in existence today), to
promote scientific research. Charles also
encouraged the building of the Greenwich
Observatory, and he was a patron of Sir
Christopher Wren in the design and building of St
Paul's Cathedral, Chelsea Hospital and other
London buildings. Charles died in 1685, becoming
a Roman Catholic on his deathbed.

The important events of his reign included two wars with the Dutch,
the Great Plague, the Great Fire of London, and an assassination attempt called
the Rye House Plot. Charles was a member of the House of Stuart.

Additional Information:

Charles was born the second son of Henrietta Marie and Charles I in 1630. In 1649, Charles fled to France, but he returned to Scotland in 1650 where he was crowned king. He led ten thousand Scottish soldiers to defeat and fled to France again. He assumed the throne in 1660. His marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no legitimate children.

In order to retain the throne, Charles was forced to accept the position of a limited monarch. He was very tolerant of religious affairs and his father's murderers, only nine of whom were executed. Political parties arose: the Tories, loyal to the king, and the Whigs, loyal to the Parliament.

Charles was defeated by the Dutch. The Great Plague swept through England in 1665 and the Fire of London burned much of the city in 1667. Charles secured an alliance with France against the Dutch. The Whigs attempted to use the rising wave of anti-Catholicism to keep the Catholic James II from ascending the throne. Titus Oates had ten men falsely accused and executed; Anthony Cooper has been accused of starting a wave of violence against Catholics. A sickness caused public opinion to halt passage of the Exclusion Bill which would have prevented all Catholics from holding office. Charles died in 1685.

Charles promised to reinstate Catholicism at an appropriate time in order to achieve his alliance with France. Charles never reinstated Catholicism, but converted on his deathbed.

Barbara VILLIERS Mistress,

1 NAME Barbara /Palmer/
1 UPDA
2 DATE 3 AUG 1670
2 PLAC Acceded:

She bore him 4 other children,whose paternity is not seriously in doubt.#2636
She left and went to Paris in 1677 & stayed there.

Barbara FITZROY (Benedicta),

She was acknowledged as Charles daughter, but according to Dugdale, she was
almost certainly the sire of John Churchill, later Duke of Marlborough.

Charles 11 STUART King of England

1 NAME Old /Rowley/
1 UPDA
2 PLAC He had several mistresses
2 SOUR S15
3 PAGE 250
2 QUAY 3

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England
Breton mistress: Louise Rene de Penancoet deKeroualle, d 1734.
Sister of Louise - mistress: Henriette Mauricette, Countess of Pembroke,d 1728
3 Sep 1651 = Charles II flees to France
29 May 1660 = Charles II restored to the throne after the Revolution.
Died of uraemia & mercury poisoning. Whitehall Palace.

CHARLES II (1630-1685) became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1660.
He had lived in exile after the execution of his father, King Charles I, in 1649.
That year, the Scots proclaimed Charles king of Scotland.
But the Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell defeated his army in 1651, and Charles
fled to France. After Cromwell died in 1658, the English people became
increasingly dissatisfied with the government that Cromwell had established.
In 1660, Parliament invited Charles to return and declared him king.

Update: from Queen's Official Web Site 8/10/97.

Charles II

Although those who had signed Charles I's death
warrant (the regicides) were punished, Charles
(reigned 1660-85) pursued a policy of political
tolerance and power-sharing. Religious toleration
was more difficult to achieve. The Act of
Uniformity of 1662 restored the Anglican Church
and imposed the use of the Book of Common
Prayer, and oaths of allegiance on clergy. Those
who would not conform were excluded from
clerical and other positions (e.g. universities).
James, Charles's brother and heir, was a Roman
Catholic and there were attempts to exclude him
from the throne. Anti-Catholicism was widespread
and the Test Act excluded Roman Catholics from
both Houses of Parliament.

Charles sponsored the founding of the Royal
Society in 1660 (still in existence today), to
promote scientific research. Charles also
encouraged the building of the Greenwich
Observatory, and he was a patron of Sir
Christopher Wren in the design and building of St
Paul's Cathedral, Chelsea Hospital and other
London buildings. Charles died in 1685, becoming
a Roman Catholic on his deathbed.

The important events of his reign included two wars with the Dutch,
the Great Plague, the Great Fire of London, and an assassination attempt called
the Rye House Plot. Charles was a member of the House of Stuart.

Additional Information:

Charles was born the second son of Henrietta Marie and Charles I in 1630. In 1649, Charles fled to France, but he returned to Scotland in 1650 where he was crowned king. He led ten thousand Scottish soldiers to defeat and fled to France again. He assumed the throne in 1660. His marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no legitimate children.

In order to retain the throne, Charles was forced to accept the position of a limited monarch. He was very tolerant of religious affairs and his father's murderers, only nine of whom were executed. Political parties arose: the Tories, loyal to the king, and the Whigs, loyal to the Parliament.

Charles was defeated by the Dutch. The Great Plague swept through England in 1665 and the Fire of London burned much of the city in 1667. Charles secured an alliance with France against the Dutch. The Whigs attempted to use the rising wave of anti-Catholicism to keep the Catholic James II from ascending the throne. Titus Oates had ten men falsely accused and executed; Anthony Cooper has been accused of starting a wave of violence against Catholics. A sickness caused public opinion to halt passage of the Exclusion Bill which would have prevented all Catholics from holding office. Charles died in 1685.

Charles promised to reinstate Catholicism at an appropriate time in order to achieve his alliance with France. Charles never reinstated Catholicism, but converted on his deathbed.

Nell GWYN Mistress

1 NAME Eleanor /Gwynn/

Charles 11 STUART King of England

1 NAME Old /Rowley/
1 UPDA
2 PLAC He had several mistresses
2 SOUR S15
3 PAGE 250
2 QUAY 3

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England
Breton mistress: Louise Rene de Penancoet deKeroualle, d 1734.
Sister of Louise - mistress: Henriette Mauricette, Countess of Pembroke,d 1728
3 Sep 1651 = Charles II flees to France
29 May 1660 = Charles II restored to the throne after the Revolution.
Died of uraemia & mercury poisoning. Whitehall Palace.

CHARLES II (1630-1685) became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1660.
He had lived in exile after the execution of his father, King Charles I, in 1649.
That year, the Scots proclaimed Charles king of Scotland.
But the Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell defeated his army in 1651, and Charles
fled to France. After Cromwell died in 1658, the English people became
increasingly dissatisfied with the government that Cromwell had established.
In 1660, Parliament invited Charles to return and declared him king.

Update: from Queen's Official Web Site 8/10/97.

Charles II

Although those who had signed Charles I's death
warrant (the regicides) were punished, Charles
(reigned 1660-85) pursued a policy of political
tolerance and power-sharing. Religious toleration
was more difficult to achieve. The Act of
Uniformity of 1662 restored the Anglican Church
and imposed the use of the Book of Common
Prayer, and oaths of allegiance on clergy. Those
who would not conform were excluded from
clerical and other positions (e.g. universities).
James, Charles's brother and heir, was a Roman
Catholic and there were attempts to exclude him
from the throne. Anti-Catholicism was widespread
and the Test Act excluded Roman Catholics from
both Houses of Parliament.

Charles sponsored the founding of the Royal
Society in 1660 (still in existence today), to
promote scientific research. Charles also
encouraged the building of the Greenwich
Observatory, and he was a patron of Sir
Christopher Wren in the design and building of St
Paul's Cathedral, Chelsea Hospital and other
London buildings. Charles died in 1685, becoming
a Roman Catholic on his deathbed.

The important events of his reign included two wars with the Dutch,
the Great Plague, the Great Fire of London, and an assassination attempt called
the Rye House Plot. Charles was a member of the House of Stuart.

Additional Information:

Charles was born the second son of Henrietta Marie and Charles I in 1630. In 1649, Charles fled to France, but he returned to Scotland in 1650 where he was crowned king. He led ten thousand Scottish soldiers to defeat and fled to France again. He assumed the throne in 1660. His marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no legitimate children.

In order to retain the throne, Charles was forced to accept the position of a limited monarch. He was very tolerant of religious affairs and his father's murderers, only nine of whom were executed. Political parties arose: the Tories, loyal to the king, and the Whigs, loyal to the Parliament.

Charles was defeated by the Dutch. The Great Plague swept through England in 1665 and the Fire of London burned much of the city in 1667. Charles secured an alliance with France against the Dutch. The Whigs attempted to use the rising wave of anti-Catholicism to keep the Catholic James II from ascending the throne. Titus Oates had ten men falsely accused and executed; Anthony Cooper has been accused of starting a wave of violence against Catholics. A sickness caused public opinion to halt passage of the Exclusion Bill which would have prevented all Catholics from holding office. Charles died in 1685.

Charles promised to reinstate Catholicism at an appropriate time in order to achieve his alliance with France. Charles never reinstated Catholicism, but converted on his deathbed.

Louise Renée de Penancoet da KÉROUAAILLE Considered

1 NAME Louise /de Keroualle/
1 UPDA
2 DATE 1673
2 PLAC Duchess of Portsmouth

Daughter of a Breton noble family & maid of honour to the Duchess of Orleans.
Her pension was continued by James 11 & William 111.
Louise de Querouaille

Charles 11 STUART King of England

1 NAME Old /Rowley/
1 UPDA
2 PLAC He had several mistresses
2 SOUR S15
3 PAGE 250
2 QUAY 3

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England

King 31 Jan 1649 > 6 Feb 1685. House of Stuart. Returned to England
Breton mistress: Louise Rene de Penancoet deKeroualle, d 1734.
Sister of Louise - mistress: Henriette Mauricette, Countess of Pembroke,d 1728
3 Sep 1651 = Charles II flees to France
29 May 1660 = Charles II restored to the throne after the Revolution.
Died of uraemia & mercury poisoning. Whitehall Palace.

CHARLES II (1630-1685) became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1660.
He had lived in exile after the execution of his father, King Charles I, in 1649.
That year, the Scots proclaimed Charles king of Scotland.
But the Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell defeated his army in 1651, and Charles
fled to France. After Cromwell died in 1658, the English people became
increasingly dissatisfied with the government that Cromwell had established.
In 1660, Parliament invited Charles to return and declared him king.

Update: from Queen's Official Web Site 8/10/97.

Charles II

Although those who had signed Charles I's death
warrant (the regicides) were punished, Charles
(reigned 1660-85) pursued a policy of political
tolerance and power-sharing. Religious toleration
was more difficult to achieve. The Act of
Uniformity of 1662 restored the Anglican Church
and imposed the use of the Book of Common
Prayer, and oaths of allegiance on clergy. Those
who would not conform were excluded from
clerical and other positions (e.g. universities).
James, Charles's brother and heir, was a Roman
Catholic and there were attempts to exclude him
from the throne. Anti-Catholicism was widespread
and the Test Act excluded Roman Catholics from
both Houses of Parliament.

Charles sponsored the founding of the Royal
Society in 1660 (still in existence today), to
promote scientific research. Charles also
encouraged the building of the Greenwich
Observatory, and he was a patron of Sir
Christopher Wren in the design and building of St
Paul's Cathedral, Chelsea Hospital and other
London buildings. Charles died in 1685, becoming
a Roman Catholic on his deathbed.

The important events of his reign included two wars with the Dutch,
the Great Plague, the Great Fire of London, and an assassination attempt called
the Rye House Plot. Charles was a member of the House of Stuart.

Additional Information:

Charles was born the second son of Henrietta Marie and Charles I in 1630. In 1649, Charles fled to France, but he returned to Scotland in 1650 where he was crowned king. He led ten thousand Scottish soldiers to defeat and fled to France again. He assumed the throne in 1660. His marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no legitimate children.

In order to retain the throne, Charles was forced to accept the position of a limited monarch. He was very tolerant of religious affairs and his father's murderers, only nine of whom were executed. Political parties arose: the Tories, loyal to the king, and the Whigs, loyal to the Parliament.

Charles was defeated by the Dutch. The Great Plague swept through England in 1665 and the Fire of London burned much of the city in 1667. Charles secured an alliance with France against the Dutch. The Whigs attempted to use the rising wave of anti-Catholicism to keep the Catholic James II from ascending the throne. Titus Oates had ten men falsely accused and executed; Anthony Cooper has been accused of starting a wave of violence against Catholics. A sickness caused public opinion to halt passage of the Exclusion Bill which would have prevented all Catholics from holding office. Charles died in 1685.

Charles promised to reinstate Catholicism at an appropriate time in order to achieve his alliance with France. Charles never reinstated Catholicism, but converted on his deathbed.

Mary DAVIES Singer & Actres

1 NAME Moll //

William II of Orange DE NASSAU Prince

1 NAME Stadholder //
1 UPDA
2 DATE 1647
2 PLAC Acceded:

some say married 1648. Died of smallpox.

Mary Henrietta STUART Princess Royal

1 NAME Mary of /Orange/
1 UPDA
2 DATE CIR 1642
2 PLAC Acceded:

died of smallpox.